Women and Sport in Girlfight, Billy Elliott and Dare to Compete :: Film Movies

Women and Sport in Girlfight, Billy Elliott and Dare to CompeteWhen a woman or man joins a non-traditional sport for their gender or sex, it foundation have drastic social and cultural costs. These impact not just the individual but also the entire community. When a person challenges the gender roles of society, whence they change the perceptions of what men or women are capable of doing, they further androgynize cultural norms, and they open up sports for others. First of all, it is important to note that the first few challengers to a gender role are seen as novelties. In the film Dare to Compete, many early woman athletes were co-opted into male teams to attract more fans. Baseball managers would often expend stunts to raise their ticket sales, with one nigrify team the Clowns putting on a vaudeville show during the game. The Clowns did have a female player, but she was not publicized to grab more attention at first. Later, advertisements would announce her presence as astoun ding that a woman could play as well as a man. She was a novelty within a novel team. In the all-female league during World War 2, the managers would have the girls wear short skirts and put on makeup to look like ladies. Men would come hoping for a striptease in the middle of the game, because women were placed in the same category of sports as the black leagues. That is, they were only to entertain and not actually compete. In Girlfight, the main character is at first skeptically viewed by her coach and then she is viewed as a humorous oddity until she proves her determination. Last year, Muhamid Ali and George Foremans daughters decided to fight each other in a rematch of the famed Rumble in the Jungle. This received study network coverage and was a pay-per-view event on HBO, but the girls were trivialized and many late night commentators ridiculed the idea of women boxing more than one round. Jay Leno suggested that in among rounds, the ladies would stop to touch up their make up or become enraged if their hair was mussed during the match. The event was well watched because of this curiosity, and it hopefully proved that the daughters of Ali and Forman were just as much(prenominal) an athlete as they were. Women or men who enter a non-traditional sport for their gender will always be viewed with skepticism.

Free Othello Essays: The Characters of Othello :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Characters of Othello Shakespeares Othello is a novel that depicts on the intense relationship between Othello, Cassio, and Iago. One charter may see the other as a dear friend and a comrade, but the second one may see the first as an inferior person that he/she is greedy of due to aboutthing they have. Othello is a tragedy of deposit, if you learn to trust then you live in happiness, but the power of distrust is enough to make a humans attempt evil and corrupt actions. During the course of the book some of the characters relations become strong, but then at the last possible moment roughly of those relations revert and a few increase. It is a difficult thing to explain, but Ill break it down for you. Each character had his own relation towards another, Othello had a strong friendship towards Iago, as if he were his brother. Othello sees Cassio as a fine young soldier, but as the story goes on he begins to despise Cassio because he was fed false information ab step up Cassi o that upset the war hero greatly. Iago hates Othello, because he gave what he thought was an underqualified soldier a promotion, so he is out for revenge. Iago is also jealous of Cassio for the reason just given, he thinks he deserves the promotion and is very envious that Cassio beat him to it. Why did these peoples relation change? What role does trust play in the entire play? When do we know when to trust and when not to trust? These are all questions that wonder in your heads because in some cases it is bad to trust, but in others trust is what keeps relationships and friendships alive, dont be confused its just a matter of knowing when to trust and when not to trust. Othello and Iago one of the most contrive friendships ever to be put down on paper. Othello was most definitely a true to Iago, he trusted Iago on the battle field and in his social, now that is the trust of a real friend. Othello saw Iago as his most trusted soldier, consultant, and friend. Othello was the type of person that always thought people would think low gear of him cause of the color of his skin. He fell in love with a woman whose family dislikes him due to the color of thou skin.

Intellectual Property on the Internet Essay -- IP Intellectual Propert

Intellectual spot on the InternetOn one of my first web situations I had an original graphic design, done by one of my friends. The design was interesting and eye-catching, two necessary elements for my site. I kept the design on the site for oer six months, before pickings it down and rebuilding. Almost a year after the graphic went up on my site, the person who designed it saw it on another site. After he showed me, he expressed his disappointment. He had put his time and hard work into this and someone else had just copied the image off my site and used it for themselves. The design was my friends work and his skilful property. According to the United States Information Agency, intellectual property is information that derives its intrinsic value from creative ideas. It is also information with a commercial value. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are bestowed on owners of ideas, inventions and creative expression that have the status of property. Like tangible property, IPRs give owners the right to exclude others from door to or use of their property. (United States Information Agency, Intellectual Property Rights Protection)One example of tangible property is the ownership and use of an automobile. If I hold the name to a car it is my car, and I have the right to let people borrow this automobile. I also retain the right to prevent someone from taking my car. Just as I have the right to share or prevent others from using my tangible property, I ought to have the right to share my intellectual property, my word, graphics, and sounds, with whom I choose. If I choose not to allow someone else to use these ideas, then that person will be violating my intellectual property rights.The concept of in... ...ctual Property Organisation. World Intellectual Property Organisation. 1993. http//ra.irv.uit.no/trade_law/documents/i_p/wipo/art/wipo.html (1 April 1997). Intellectual Property Rights Protection. U.S. Information Agency. http//www.usis.usemb.se/topics/ ip/1.html (27 March 1997). Rosenberg, Matt. Copyright Law Meets the World Wide Web. 1995. http//www.acm.org/crossroads/xrds2-2/weblaw.html (1 April 1997). Templeton, Brad. 10 Big Myths about copyright explained. http//www.clari.net/brad/copymyths.html (1 April 1997). Thilman, Jude. Telecommunications Radio Project. 1993. gopher//gopher.igc.apc.org/00/orgs/pacifica/tel/5 (5 April 1997). Turnbull, Paul. Conversational Scholarship in Cyberspace The Evolution and Activities of H-NET, the On-line Network for the Humanities. Australian Universities Review. 39(1) 12-15, 1996.

Disney :: essays research papers

Final CopyIf a girl was going to search for her Prince Charming, the number one place she should look is in the world of animation. Animation has probably been around since the beginning of time. Although, the ar devilrk that originally resembled animation was only one or two cels, animation today is made up of hundreds or thousands of cels.The early animated movies were black and white, did not have a plot, and were mostly a series of light gags. Then came ... COLOR. To make an animated movie popular, color was needed to give it style. Walt Disney and his technicians created color to make the movies more enjoyable for the viewers. What was the first Disney Movie to come disclose? It was Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. To make this movie Disney ran into a slight problem. Sure, it was easy to animate animals, but humans? To solve the problem, they filmed live actors doing on the dot what the characters would do. This would work, but thither was still a problem with the size of o bjects and losing things in the foreground when the camera zoomed. The solution ... a multiplane camera. In this camera, instead of many layers of artwork, there would be two, the foreground and the background. This made zooming in and forth easier.In the 1940s there were four classical Disney feature animated movies to come out Pinocchio, Dumbo, Fantasia, and, Bambi. Little did Walt Disney admit that the five movies that he made would be the base for many more Disney movies. In the movie Pinocchio for example, a toy maker creates a puppet and when he makes a wish upon a star.....the puppet turns into a real boy. Dumbo was the next movie to come about from Disney. Dumbo is a movie that teaches, you can do anything if you go under your mind to it. Now Fantasia on the other hand is a totally different kind of movie. Its a cartoon musical. Bambi was the next movie to come out. To some(a) it might be called a tragedy. But to others it might be called a happy and joyful movie. It teac hes you to fend for yourself.After World War II Disney came out with a few more feature animated movies such as Cinderalla, Peter Pan, Lady and the Tramp, and Sleeping dishful. One thing that Snow White, Cinderalla, and Sleeping Beauty all have in common is that they are all stories about princesses who live happily ever after with their prince.

Bure rockets to Rangers :: essays research papers

Bure rockets to RangersNew York Rangers fans have to be the happiest in hockey right now following the acquisition of three-time goal-scoring champion Pavel Bure. "The Russian roquette" will be in the lineup tonight when the Rangers host the Vancouver Canucks.The irony cant be missed. Bure rocketed to fame with the Canucks, leading them to the Stanley Cup Finals in 1994 -- the first year he direct the NHL in goals -- only to be defeated by the Rangers.In 1999, the Rangers turned down a trade involving Bure with the Canucks, who then traded the Moscow native to the Florida Panthers, for whom he doubly led the NHL in goals.But Bure is a Ranger following the deal that sent defenseman Igor Ulanov, junior defenseman Filip Novak, the Rangers first- and second-round picks in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft and their fourth-rounder in 2003 for Bure and Floridas second-round 2002 pick. The Rangers were glad non to part with U.S. Olympian Mike York whose name had been mentioned in earlie r talks.Madison Square Garden Chief Executive Jim Dolan sent his corporate jet to Florida to be restored Bure who will skate with the Rangers this morning before playing tonight."Hes a constant threat hes somebody that can score any time he gets the puck on his stick," Rangers General Manager Glen Sather said. "Hes a superstar. Hes an artist with the puck. Hes a great player."Bure has had a troubled season. After leading the NHL with 58 and 59 goals the last 2 seasons, he started the season with a groin problem, then suffered a head injury in November and a broken hand in January. In 56 games, he has scored 22 goals and added 27 assists.Rangers coach Ron Low hopes Bures problems are behind him. The Rangers are in ninth place in the Eastern Conference, in danger of missing the playoffs for the fifth straight season."To me, its absolutely amazing," Low said. "Im kind of excited. Hes an obvious talent one of the best, if not the best, goal-scorer in th e league right now. He has had a tough year. But the biggest thing is Is he excited to come? Im sure he is."The six-time All-Star and three-time goal-scoring champ, who turns 31 on March 31, has eclipsed the 50-goal mark five times in his 11-year NHL career.

Bure rockets to Rangers :: essays research papers

Bure rockets to RangersNew York Rangers fans have to be the happiest in hockey chastise now following the acquisition of three- cartridge holder goal-scoring represent Pavel Bure. "The Russian Rocket" will be in the lineup tonight when the Rangers host the Vancouver Canucks.The irony cant be missed. Bure rocketed to fame with the Canucks, leading them to the Stanley Cup Finals in 1994 -- the first course of study he led the NHL in goals -- only to be defeated by the Rangers.In 1999, the Rangers turned down a trade involving Bure with the Canucks, who then traded the Moscow intrinsic to the Florida Panthers, for whom he twice led the NHL in goals.But Bure is a Ranger following the deal that sent defenseman Igor Ulanov, junior defenseman Filip Novak, the Rangers first- and second-round picks in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft and their fourth-rounder in 2003 for Bure and Floridas second-round 2002 pick. The Rangers were glad not to part with U.S. Olympian Mike York whose name had been mentioned in earlier talks.Madison Square Garden Chief Executive Jim Dolan sent his somatic jet to Florida to retrieve Bure who will skate with the Rangers this morning before playing tonight."Hes a constant threat hes somebody that can score any time he gets the puck on his stick," Rangers General Manager Glen Sather said. "Hes a superstar. Hes an artist with the puck. Hes a great player."Bure has had a troubled season. After leading the NHL with 58 and 59 goals the last two seasons, he started the season with a groin problem, then suffered a head injury in November and a broken hand in January. In 56 games, he has scored 22 goals and added 27 assists.Rangers coach Ron Low hopes Bures problems are behind him. The Rangers are in ninth place in the easterly Conference, in danger of missing the playoffs for the fifth straight season."To me, its absolutely amazing," Low said. "Im kind of excited. Hes an obvious talent one of the best, if not the bes t, goal-scorer in the league right now. He has had a tough year. But the biggest thing is Is he excited to come? Im sure he is."The six-time All-Star and three-time goal-scoring champ, who turns 31 on March 31, has eclipsed the 50-goal mark cardinal times in his 11-year NHL career.

Paparazzi Policy Speech

Being a celebrity means mystifyting up with people wanting to seclude pictures with you and signing your autograph all the time. Everyone understands its in the job description to be followed and st atomic number 18d at. But when does a person taking a harmless picture intersection the line into harassment? Yes its sad to think that these people dont get either privacy anymore, but what most of us need to worry about is that it could disturb us next. Paparazzi sop up gotten more wild and out of control over the years and if we dont do anything about it without delay, it allow only get worse.SLIDESHOW First we go forth go over precisely what the problem with the paparazzi is such as how they be hired for magazines and abuse their power as a means to stalk individuals, not only celebrities but also professional athletes. Then we ordain find out the causes of the problem, and what effects they have had on the public, such as the laws that are before long in use but not work ing, and the injuries that innocent bystanders are getting because of the crazy paparazzi.Lastly, we leave alone discover a solution for this dangerous situation, in which we will advertise high restrictions and greater punishments to any paparazzo who doesnt obey these laws. Lets begin by discovering exactly why the paps are dangerous. By not making enough restrictions for the paparazzi, we are basically encouraging them to continue to put our safety at risk. Paparazzi are described as freelance photographers who aggressively pursue celebrities to take squirtdid pictures, which they invent to sell to magazines and tabloids for profit.According to an condition in Suite one hundred one on August 7, 2008 written by Rachel Oliva, the term paparazzi actually comes from paparazzo which is italian for buzzing mosquito. You can definitly suffer the similarities. Paparazzi are infamous for car chases, causing disruptions and many other tactical maneuver to try and get rises out of th e celebrities they are stalking. They have no consideration or care for the people they put in danger in order for them to get the perfect picture. Sadly, magazines pay huge sums of money for these pictures.Another article from Suite 101 written by Tara Gilbert on October 18, 2007 speculated that a picture of a celeb with no make up on can go for more than $10,000. Therefore, a fine of a mere $500 for running a red light is well worth getting the picture. Not only is this happening in the US, but in every country that celebs visit, you can count on a swarm of paparazzi being there. Especially in India, which is notorious for its terrible drivers, paparazzi are only making the conditions worse. Athletes are also being victimized by the aggressive photographers.Imagine a professional football or baseball player with a huge game the next day, The last thing they need to worry about is being harassed and photographed, which only adds to the stress in their life. In apprisal to us, we a lso have to worry about the paparazzi here in Malibu. Since we live in a place where many celebrities have chosen to live, we get to distinguish cool stories to our friends about seeing adam sandler in Malibu Yo. However we also have to worry about the photographers hiding behind bushes and jumping out into the street hoping to catch the stars in surprise.And driving down PCH we are very likely to get in an accident with a reckless paparazzo and a frantic celebrity. David Halbfinger from the reinvigorated York Times described in his article on June 9 2005 Some tactics that Paparazzi use to get the perfect picture, including using several vehicles to box in a celebritys car, run the stars off the road, or chase them at a high speed. They recklessly put pedestrians, other drivers and even themselves at risk. Celebrities themselves are oral presentation out about the paparazzi as well.According to the same new-made York Times article, Reese Witherspoon, Famous for her role on Legal ly Blonde and Sweet Home Alabama, said a paparazzi actually tried to ram the back of her car, which they had never done before. The most famous of paparazzi- caused deaths was Princess Diana of Wales, who was killed in a high speed car chase laborious to lose several paprazzi. SLIDESHOW An investigation was completed on April 7 2008 and in the Huffington Post, agent Robert Barr concluded the fault was given to Princess Dis driver and the pursuing paparazzi for reckless air equal to manslaughter.Robert Barr goes on to say that nine of the paparazzi involved were charged with manslaughter, but the charges were thrown out in 2002. Only three photographers were convicted of invasion of privacy and fined exactly one euro in 2006. One euro? Really? If paparazzi can get away with killing one of the most respected women in the world and only have to pay one Euro, then something needs to be changed in our system. Now that we have set up out exactly why the paparazzi are dangerous, Lets c ontinue on to the causes of this problem.This problem exists because we as a community have allowed the paparazzi to take advantage of our lax laws. In the same article that Tara Gilbert wrote in 2007, she wrote that the paparazzi justify their tactics by using the 1st amendment Free speech excuse as their failsafe way of saying they are just doing their jobs. The laws that are in place now include one from 1999 that protects celebrities privacy in a minimal way, saying that pictures taken illegally from when paparazzi have trespassed can not be sold for profit. Hollywood. om author Ken wok describes the law as needing to be updated. This law doesnt say anything about car chases, doesnt protect the bystanders who are getting involved when the paparazzi get too angsty and doesnt put a boundary on how aggressive they can be. Although there are those few celebrities who use the paparazzi as a way to get more promotion and continue to be relevant, there are far more who are fighting ba ck against them. Literally. According to Darrell Hartmans June 7 2010 article in Vanity Fair, Sean Penn found a paparazzi in his hotel room nd proceeded to dangle the guy out his hotel room window by his heels. Kanye West smashed a paparazzos camera aft(prenominal) they harassed him in an airport. And hugh grant threw a tub of baked beans at the paparazzi after they had followed him in london. He also karate kicked another pap in New York. Now that have gone over the problems and the causes, we can try to find solutions. Luckily, Governor Schwarzenegger was already thinking about this problem a month ago.Patrick McGreevy wrote an article in the Los Angeles Times on October 1, 2010 saying that the governor signed a bill that cracks down on photographers who drive recklessly in pursuit of celebrities or block sidewalks. It Includes possible jail time of a year. The bill also has greater punishments of the photographers who break trespassing laws and those who recklessly flout traffic ordinances. It charges over $5000 to any photographer who interferes with anyones car, not just a celebrities. However any photographers means newspaper journalists or television cameras are included too.By increasing the fee, hopefully paparazzi will be less likely to be aggressive and endanger peoples safety. While this bill is great, I suggest taking it even farther. Forcing the magazines to lower their rates for pictures of celebrities will make paparazzi think twice about the repercussions of driving recklessly. Andrew Blankstein of Century City news wrote in an article on October 1 2010, that explained how the value of celebrity photos tends to join on the franticness of paparazzi behavior. By taking away the rewards value, gambling with reckless driving may seem like its not worth it.Combined with the new bill that increases their punishments, the paparazzi will be forced to the conclusion that the risk of getting caught isnt worth the money they would get from a magazine. And lastly the one thing that all of us can do easily, is if we ever see a celebrity being harassed by paparazzi, we can call the authorities. Most paparazzi get charges against them dropped because no witnesses come forward. With the extra punishments involved, these paparazzi will have to risk jail, or simply abide by the law. In conclusion, paparazzi are dangerous to celebs and innocent bystanders alike.Dubner states in his 2009 article that when you are famous, your every hightail it is of interest to someone, and consequently of value to someone else. The bill that the governor signed last month will raise the punishments for paparazzi who break the law, and by forcing the magazines to lower the determine of celebrity pictures by more than 80%, the payoff wont be as great for the photographers, hopefully discouraging them from doing anything illegal to get the pictures. These things combined can help celebrities, athletes, and normal people alike stay safe when paparazzis ar e around. SLIDESHOW

Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists Essay

This report is based upon the book Damned Lies and Statistics Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists, written by Joel scoop up and published by University of California Press in 2001. Joel dress hat, a professor of sociology and criminal justice at the University of Delaw are, has written a highly readable treatise on statistics, and how we can become better consumers of the statistical information that permeates the environment in which we live.Joel Best is a sociologist and, as a result, this is non a book slightly the mathematics of statistics, but about its sociology. That is, a book about the ways in which bad statistics are generated and spread through society. The title of the book comes from control Twains famous word lies, damned lies, and statistics, which is usually interpreted as grouping statistics with lies. A more critical title would come from the phrase figures dont lie, but liars can figure.Despite its cynical title, Bests book is one of the best ways to learn how to abdicate being awestruck by statistics, and to start critically evaluating them. In straightforward prose filled with real world examples, Joel Best deconstructs the processes by which social statistics are created and resign on a life of their own, primarily through blind and unquestioning repetition by the media. He also delineates how such(prenominal) statistics are sometimes mutated, misinterpreted, misapplied, and manipulated.In his view, there are no perfect statistics, just better or worse ones. Every statistic involves human choices defining what to measure, determining how to measure it, deciding whom to forecast or how to count it, and choosing how to deal with unreported cases (the begrimed figure) of whatever is being counted. Not only does every statistic contain identifiable, though generally unrecognized strengths, weaknesses, and dark figures, but many of the most controversial and heavily publicized statistics are created by people in advocacy positions.Social statistics statistics about social problems, such as prostitution or suicide are often produced by activists who are concerned about the problem, and may exaggerate it. When not produced by activists, statistics are often a product of government, which may be motivated in the opposite direction of the activists, to play down a problem. A quick compendious of the issues and topics in this book offers a good overview of clear thinking on statistical issues. Chapter 1, The Importance of Social Statistics, explains where statistics come from, how we use them, and why they are important.Chapter 2, hushed Facts, discusses sources of bad statistics. Guessing, poor definitions, poor measures, and bad samples are the primary sources of bad statistics. Good statistics postulate good data clear, reasonable definitions clear, reasonable measures and appropriate samples. Chapter 3, sport Statistics, describes the methods for mangling numbers. Most of these ari se from violating the four requirements of good statistics, but a new problem arises here. While it is relatively easy to spot bad statistics, mutant statistics require a second level of understanding.As statistics mutate, they take on a history, and it becomes necessary to unravel the history to understand just how and why they are mutant. Transformation, confusion, and flux errors create chains of bad statistics that become difficult to trace and categorize. Chapter 4, Apples and Oranges, discusses the dangers of inappropriate comparison. Dangers arise when comparisons over time involve changing and unchanging measures, and projections. Comparisons among places and groups lead to problems not merely in the data measured, but in the ways the data may be gathered and collated.Comparison among social problems also creates unique difficulties. Best offers logic of comparison to help the reader understand how to dedicate sense of good comparison and bad comparison. Chapter 5, Stat Wa rs, describes the problems that arise when advocated use questionable numbers to make a case. Chapter 6, Thinking About Social Statistics, sums up Bests advice on understanding statistics dont be awestruck in the expression of numbers, and dont be cynical about them, he suggests, be critical and thoughtful.

An Analysis of Freytag’s Five Steps in Shakespeare’s “The Tempest” Essay

In this essay I impart analyze William Shakespeares The violent storm using Gustav Freytags five dollar bill phases which are exposition, point of conflict, rising action, climax, and denouement. I will first begin with the exposition phase. The exposition phase includes a explanation of the chief protagonist and antagonist as well as a description of their conflict and setting. I will also pinpoint the inciting moment, which is an incident that moldiness occur for the story to happen. (www.reference.com) The chief protagonist of the play is Prospero, the rightful duke of Milan. The main antagonist is his brother, Antonio, the usurping duke of Milan. Antonio overthrew Prospero and sent him and his young daughter Miranda out to sea. They land on an island, which will be the central setting of the play, where Prospero learns magic and frees a spirit named Ariel who is indebted in servitude to him. Prospero uses his magic to stir up a storm and moor a ship that his brother Antonio i s on. Ariel makes sure that the occupants of the boat arrive on the island unscathed. The inciting incident is the arrival of Antonio and the rest of his party on the island. The main conflict is between Prospero, who wants his duchy reinstated, and Antonio, who wants the dukedom for himself. Next, I will describe the rising action in the play. The rising action includes related secondary conflicts. (www.reference.com)The first of these secondary conflicts occurs between Antonio and Sebastian, the great power of Naples brother, and Gonzalo, a counselor, and Alonso, the king of Naples. These gentlemen had been travel together on the boat, but when they come to the island Antonio and Sebastian plan to murder Alonso and Gonzalo so that they can seize the power of the crown for themselves. Alonso believes his son, who had been traveling with them as well to be d.o.a. and Antonio and Sebastian see this as a chance to eliminate Alonso and usurp the crown. Alonsos son Ferdinand really i snt dead and is busy falling in love with Prosperos daughter while this is happening. The last secondary conflict begins with Caliban, Prosperos unwilling slave, and Stephano and Trinuculo, a jester and a drunken butler who were traveling with the party on the boat, meeting each other on the island and deciding to kill Prospero. Ariel hears this and informs Prospero thus avoiding catastrophe. Now, I will talk about the falling action, climax, and denouement. The climax takes place in The Tempest when Prospero charms the party from the boat and Caliban, Stephano, and Trinuculo into immobility. Prospero, who is joyous at the thought of his daughters upcoming marriage to Ferdinand, has a change of heart and releases everyone from the spell. They are all repentant and the falling action occurs at this point with a monologue from Prospero chastising the king of Naples and Antonio for the part the played in the usurping of his dukedom.He also chastises his slave and the butler and jester for trying to kill him. The denouement encompasses the happy marriage of Miranda and Ferdinand and the reinstatement of Prosperos dukedom. The play ends happily with the protagonist punter of at the end than at the outset because it is a comedy rather than a tragedy. Thus, I have analyzed The Tempest and have discerned Freytags five phases within the play.Bibliographywww.reference.com

Internet Regulation in Contemporary China Essay

China has continued to experience great difficulty in trying to regulate internet use in the country, which has continued to turn forbidden its touch of socioeconomic implications. The Chinese government has an economic environment which is so liberal and the internet comes in handy in playing a bouffant role in the development strategy, particularly in the communication sector. The country is geared to use the internet to boost the countrys economic produce by installing advanced technological networks to linkup with other markets across the world.The number of internet users has grown so fast since the strategy was embraced moving to 210 one thousand thousand in 2007 from 0. 62 million ten years earlier (1997). Furthermore, the country has 1. 5 million websites and is currently the worlds number two in internet use (Zhao, p. 37). With this fact, it has become a national concern to insure the use of internet technology due to the numerous challenges that accompany it, especi ally its subject on the political and sociable arena. The country is therefore focused on drawing up rules and enactments to mastery internet use to help counter the controvert resultant effects.This paper give look at the steps that the Chinese government is taking in trying to regulate the internet use, the outcome of the strategy and how the steps are perceived by its proponents and opponents alike. Internet Regulation in Contemporary China China edit in place the first laid of internet regulations in 1996 and continued to update the rules in the other subsequent years, the laws were amended to make tighter internet access and give the government more control over its use.It was discovered that through the internet, scamming activities, rumor mongering, defamation, incitements and other cyber criminal activities were becoming more prevalent. The legislation of the laws was therefore meant to administer controls and minimize the effects of this misuse which was flexile eco nomic growth. China has established twelve agencies charged with the duty of censuring the internet some of these embarrass the invoke Secrecy Bureau (SSB), Central Propaganda Department (CPD), State Administration of Radio, Film and Television (SARFT), The Judiciary and GAPP (General Administration of Press and Publication).The steps that the government has taken to regulate the internet use have managed to achieve a compromise point (though not very stable) between giving the nation economic boost and at the same time shield it from harmful influences on the society. There is however some tension in effecting these policies as it involves be more pragmatic and administer restrictions over the news media curtailing freedom of speech. (Zhao, p. 37). Too very much censorship of the internet has its share of socioeconomic implications and little of it might present quite a challenge that may result to uncalled for strive.Topping the agencys list in regulating internet capacitance are the SCIO (State Council In signifieration Office) and MII (Ministry of Information Industry). These organizations are charged with the duty of restricting the very operations of home(prenominal) websites. Any indication of possible flouting of the regulations and legal requirements on the expected conduct of website owners is met with severe penalties ranging from imposition of fines up to total ban. Websites that target politicians and other historical figurers in China had earlier faced much(prenominal) bans, this also include those that would be classified as extreme satire.Through the help of SARFT, the Chinese government has put in place regulations to monitor the content of online videos before they are authorized for release to the public (Zhao, p. 38). This move is just a part of the wider campaign to control the internet content and it has gone a long way in sieving internet content. Positive effects that made internet advocates push for limited restrictions include and not limited to, public enlightenment with worldly information and the comical part because of its help to ease work pressure.In 2004, SARFT Documented a regulation which held it that before any network developer commenced on the publication of his/her content, the firm must receive an official network license in audio and video form to allowing it send its programs to the internet (Zhao, p. 39). But despite the restrictions that the Chinese government has placed on the internet use, a unanimous internet control is far from being achieved. The internet culture presents a scenario that is very difficult to deal with due to its complex nature.The number of internet users in China is so massive such that the government finds it untenable to monitor every information inflow and outflow across the net. Another problem comes in because of the lack of universal laws governing world-wide internet use. Chinese internet regulatory rules can not be applied across the advanceers and theref ore some contents which are considered illegal in China might find their way into the country, yet China has no control over the move (Zhao, p. 40). This therefore calls for international jurisdiction to apply to internet information flow.Absence of such regulations makes it practically impossible to make the local law effective, hence overrules every decision made on internet content control. Finally, the pace by which the world is gaining control and convergence of technology is so fast such that the Chinese government is finding it close to impossible to order its regulations to keep pace with such developments. The government of China has redesigned the structure of the media in such a way that it acts just like an integral part of the CCP (Chinese communistic Party).The CCP therefore uses the media to run their private affairs like organizing programs, giving directives and implementing their policies. The regulations also call for adherence of the partys principles and codes of conduct and their press policies. The government has changed the operate principles of the media using the internet regulatory steps to such an extent that the media has now been hijacked and revolutionized into what can be seen as a government cheerleader and mouthpiece used in social modernization and as an instrument to spearhead economic development agendas (Zhao, p. 40).The government is so much focused in making the entire media attention in the country managed according to the principles of the party leadership. The Chinese government is so focused in tightening the rules on the internet use and this move is seen as denying the press the freedom of expression and at the same time locking out the public from enjoying the right of information. These two are meant to be fundamental piece rights in any democratic nation. But the Chinese government claims that giving the public unbounded freedom to express every opinion they have lead result to political and social instab ility.Since the internet has sources emanating from every corner of the world, it offers opportunities for individuals to express their tinctures and opinions on every topic without fear of intimidation. The internet has literally no restrictions on the content that can be accessed by any interested party and owing to its complex nature, one can not stop but spew if the Chinese government will ever be successful in gagging the media and barring the flow of information across the internet.It is hard to believe that the nation has scour the faintest hope of someday being in full control of the content of information leaving and accessing the country. The proliferation and the hi-tech technology that the internet comes with, presents the public with an opportunity to share their opinion with the wider world across the boardersthe Chinese has an up-hill task if it thinks it will wholly and single handedly manipulate information flow. Chinese government policies makers have for that r eason remained proactive due to the complex architectural landscape that the internet is creating (Zhao, p. 41). The government security forces are turning information service providers into detectives, by directing them to filter out any information that they feel is undesirable before it leaks to the public. The government despite its efforts has achieved little, the Chinese community despite the sanctions is still getting access to cyber discussions and making their opinions be known world over without obtaining the governments nod.This shows how impossible it is to crackdown on online access. While proponents of free information flow are drumming support for the unlimited use of the internet, stating that every person should not be barred from seeking to know anything he or she desires there are a lot of social and economic tensions that accompany liberalization and decentralization of the internet. That is why the government has relentlessly focused in controlling the internet and sifting its contents before it reaches the public. smash a balance between content control and being flexible is hard and imperative, there are continuous adjustments in the internet and the rules therefore claim to be equally adjusted if the nation wants to keep pace with the dynamics of the internet. All having been said and done, many people hold a common feeling that the internet with its advantages and disadvantages should not be treated as if they are social and political defects which need to be fixed to stabilize a nation, but preferably every nation China included, should appreciate the benefits that openness bring.With an open society individuals are able to express their appreciation, gratitude, un-satisfaction and displeasure to the state, all which are healthy for and normal for innovation as well as economic development and political freedom. Conclusion From the facts presented in this paper, it has been established that there are conflicting interests on what s hould be done with the increasing case of internet use. While it is vital to harmonize globalization effect with the rest of the world, it is the hub of rumor mongering and a platform to spread hatred messages that can in turn result to acrimonious activities.It is therefore logical to find a compromise point between these two extremities and address the solvent amicable. Stringent rules on the internet amounts to denial of the freedom of speech and right of information. It is true that control should be administered on the internet content, because of numerous cases of cyber crime that goes unobserved online. Several sites that bring ill mannered individuals together with an intention of causing harm to others are present online.Therefore, the Chinese government is just right by drawing some rules to guide this cause. The fault of the security forces and the government officials is in cases where they are trying to revolutionize media into their own mouthpiece. The media should be leave to operate separately with only stated principles to follow. Since China is not able to counter the negative effects of the internet alone, all the other countries have to be brought on board so that universal rules can be drawn to regulate internet use worldwide.If this is done, websites with offensive contents will never find place anyplace in any country as the rules will be applicable to each nation sovereign or not. If the universal laws are adopted, China will never again lock out its citizens from enjoying internet services without limits and for that effect the burden to control internet content will not be left alone to China as a nation but will rest on every nation. China will therefore develop into a more open marketed nation and on human rights, it will be regard as more democratic as before.

When a Man Loves a Woman

Name Date August 1, 2006 Course/Level/Section BSN IV- H1Adviser Mrs. Theorose Bus banko Reaction Paper The Notebook At first, when the photograph showed the past details of the characters, it was boring. You cannot appreciate the movie if you dont reach the end destiny. It portrayed an old man whose chicane to her wife is measured till eternity. Love was a never ending journey. Loving her wife is part of his life. As long as his heart is still beating, love still survives. To his oddment breath, he still shared his love to her wife. The setting of the film was also an old and classical feature.It showed a typical place of people wearing groom and cars whose designs are present in our museums. The wife at that time was a student nurse and the husband was a soldier. Their love was destined to be asunder from each other to have a wise decision at the future. Their relationship was separated overdue to the will of the girls parents. The reason of her parents was due to the finan cial status of the guy that has not reached to their standards. The girl belonged to a wealthy family, while the guy is form a simple life. They both decided to part ways with each other having an agreement that they still communicate with each other through letters.The guy joined the army while the girl act her studies in nursing. Both of them hold on to their agreement. Unknowingly, the parents of the girl kept the letter of the guy leading to doubt and misconception of the girl that the guy probably found other one. So, the girl met someone who she fells in loved with. They were both engaged. They guy still have opinion that their love is still alive. He still continued to effectuate the dreams that they both promised with the girl. He went home and constructed their dream house. When he first arrived at his home place, he looked for the girl. Unluckily, he found the girl kissing with another guy. downhearted as he looked and feel he still managed to finish renovating their d ream house. On the marriage day of the girl, she had a glimpsed of the news paper. She then saw a picture of a house for sale with the guy selling it. He felt shocked and collapsed after she saw the picture. Because of that incident, the wedding was postponed. She then asked for time and lay to his future husband for settling things first. She went back to the guy that she first fell in love with. They met with each other. They have their first impressions. These impressions involved love and faith that it can still work put. Then came the dilemma.The girl was confused on who to choose. The guy whom she first shared her love that only her parents are the reason why they separated or the guy who helped her coped from her emotional problem then later certain loved. He picked the first guy. And at the end, she never had regrets. When they aged with their lives, the wife suffered from a chronic mental disorder whose clinical description is Alzheimers disease. This disease is character ize by a continuous loss of memory both the compendious and the long term memory. It progresses until the person dies. Good for the wife because she wrote her memories with his husband on a diary.The diary where composed of past moments that they have shared with each other when they where still young. With this diary, the husband continues to read it, hoping that he can help cure her wife from the disease. She reads the diary day by day having the same content. Sad to say, thither is no treatment to this kind of disease. The wife cannot recognize that the person telling her the story was his husband. The wife also cannot recognize her children and grandchildren. There are some instances that the wife can recall the story being told by the old person which is his husband.She has flash-backs in her mind that the story being told was her story. The place where they stayed was their past house that was developed into an institution for old people or other wise known as home for the ag ed. Their where doctors, nurses and personnel who where in charged in taking conduct of the aged people. Both the husband and wife who owned the place are patients of the institution. The husband was not that defective that he should stay in the institution. But because of her love to her wife, she joined with her and involved himself with the therapy to her wife. E N D

Proper Citation, Quotation and Referencing Using the Publication Manual of the Apa, 6th Edition

Running head PROPER CITATION, computer address AND REFERENCING Proper Citation, Quotation and Referencing victimisation The matter manual(a) of the APA, sixth Edition Sample Paper Free Essays Biffy Wentworth University PROPER CITATION, book of facts AND REFERENCING Proper Citation, Quotation and Referencing Using The Publication manual of arms of the APA, 6th Edition Every pupil at some epoch in his or her college c arer will be called on to write a marge paper for a course. Many savants charter never learned, or have non been taught, the straitlaced form of citation, denotation and referencing using the Publication manual of the APA.When students drug ab aim citations incorrectly, they are running the risk that they are plagiarizing the author of the text that they are referencing in their paper. Whether these errors are intentional or unintentional, they are difficult to overcome. If the citations are incorrect, many a(prenominal) of the facts stated and abduced i n the paper may be incorrect as well. This will reflect poorly on the outcome of the students grade for the paper cosmos reviewed. And that is unfortunate, since it is within the students grasp to review the Publication Manual of the APA for proper information regarding citations and uotations. In this way, the paper have the best opportunity to be well written, well cited and an interesting format for everyone involved in the process. The 6th Edition is the latest version of the manual of style, and it is a well written guide PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING for students to follow when completing their college level bourn papers and written assignments. Most professors at the college level, expect students to last how to use the Publication Manual of the APA to reference the citations and quotations utilise in the papers the students present on arious assigned topics. When the students are able to utilise the Publication Manual of the APA correctly, the papers are r eflective of solid references and correct citations, and will most identically earn a higher grade than those that are submitted with incorrect citations and notations. Students who utilize the Publication Manual of the APA, 6th Edition are referencing the best citation for correctly giving credit to the authors of the information used within their term papers and assignments. It is imperative that students give credit where credit is due, and that hey learn to follow the manual of style for giving credit to the copyrighted work of authors used in their term papers submitted for review and grading. Students will need to use primary sources when referencing work cited within the body of the paper they are writing. For example, if a student is writing a paper on saving the polar turn ins, it will be important to get the best sources for the paper and to provide correct citations for those sources used. Before a student can cite a source, it is important to note that some sources ar e get around than PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING others.Many students will use library sources or books as sources for their assignments. There are also a variety of sources available on the net income. It is critical that students understand what to use and not to use as references for internet sources. If a student wants to write a paper on saving the polar bears, using a Wikipedia or blog as a reference point is not the best idea. These sources are actually just the writers personal opinion, and will rarely be backed by believable information. Also, if the student goes to a website that has strong views for or against the topic, he or she may be using a biased site that is less than rofessional. The best websites to use for this type of project would be sites that are university based, have been peer reviewed, or are part of larger scientific studies on the polar bears and efforts to save their habitats. It is aline that an encyclopedia source will have some inform ation regarding polar bears, but it is better to review scientific studies from accredited sources, such as national Geographic or other well known sites. Many references will be found, and if they are good sources, they can all be used since septet references are better than using only two for a term paper.PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING Once the student has esteemed sources, and is developing the topic for the paper, it is time to think about the sources themselves. When students are using citations in a paper, it is crucial to give credit to the author. This may be a problem, since some sources do not have an author listed, are anonymous without an author noted. Other sources do not have page way outs, are missing the date the text was written, or are internet sources that appear to be professional but cant be verified. At this point, the student will want to use the Publication Manual of the APA, th Edition to find the correct way to make the citation. The student will want to make the point he or she is making, in his or her own words, and use the source citation as back up to solidify that point. For example, if the student says that global warming is affecting the polar bears habitat, it is an empty statement without some professionally grounded proof of the fact. Students can make a statement in their paper, and use their sources as proof of what they declare. These notations are put right in the body of the term paper to show that they havent just made up the facts, that they come from a reputable and rofessionally reviewed source. The student makes a statement, and should then follow it with a source within the body of the paper as proof. The scheme of events will look like this student PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING statement, then proof (with citation in the body of the paper), statement, then proof. The reader will appreciate the proof as backup to the statements being made, and it makes the statements have more power to be backed up by professionals who agree with what is said. Citations can be paraphrased or quoted directly within the body of the paper.In fact, the Publication Manual of the APA states that when there are direct quotations, the information varies depending on whether using print or electric form. When citing print sources, give the author, year, and page fare in parentheses (Publication Manual of the APA, 2010, p. 120). When students are paraphrasing, which means boiling down the phrases into their own words, the idea from the original source must also be given proper credit. This means that the student should correctly cite, and put quotations around the text that was used, so that the reader can go ack and find the citation and the context it was used in the original text. Students may also need to make a citation for lowly sources within the body of a term paper. A secondary source is when the author quotes someone else, and makes a citation within the text the student is quo ting from. It is like a double quote, or a quote within a quote for the student interested in using the words that the author got from someone else. If this is done, PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING the student needs to remember to put the secondary source in the reference listing too. A roperly cited secondary source would need to include the name of the original work, and the citation for the secondary source (Publication Manual of the APA, 2010, p. 247). The text citation will look like this Gleason and McLurkins study (as cited in Tressel, Roger, 1990). If the student is interested in using quotation marks, special keeping needs to be taken to get it right. A double quotation mark should be used around direct quotes taken from a text. A single quotation mark is used within double quotation marks to set off material that is in the original source (Publication Manual of the APA, 2010, p. 119).The student can use a sidestep of text if there are more than 40 words that a re going to be used in the quote. For example, if the student wants to discuss a direct quote longer than 40 words, it would be separated like this, with no quotation marks necessary. The quotation should be indented five spaces from the left margin, in the same position as a new paragraph (Publication Manual of the APA, 2010, p. 117). It would be typed double space, just as the paper is typed, and should include the authors last name and the publication date as an introduction to the quote. It should PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING nd with the page number noted so that the reader could find the original text if necessary. Johnsons (1998) study on polar bears found the following Polar bears live in the Northern Hemisphere only. They are gr go through swimmers and they can outrun a man while on land. They have an average weight of one ton, and they eat several hundreds of pounds of fish a day. Polar bears have been known to kill off whole populations of indigenous seals in certain localities. They are known to consort individually, preferring not to hunt in packs. They are so large that they often have been known to fall through solid ice platforms, which is never fatal. p. 114) This block of quoted text above would need to be cited at the end of the paper. The citation for this made up quote about polar bears may look like this citation below, and would be placed at the end of the paper under the References section. Johnson, Jeremy P. & Babush, Max R. (1998). The Complexities of Studying the Great Polar Bear in the Wild. Journal of Wildlife Sciences, 10(9), 114-127. Finally, if students are carful in their use of quoted materials and citations within their term papers, they will be good stewards of the words spoken by others that are used as reference.PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING In this way, their term papers will have valid ideas and thoughts backed up by facts from reputable sources. The reader will have a better understanding of t he topic, and the subject matter will be clearer with correctly referenced works from experts in the fields they are writing about and studying. PROPER CITATION, QUOTATION AND REFERENCING References American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th Edition Washington, DC American Psychological Association.

My Beloved Charioteer Essay

Shashi Deshpande is an award-winning Indian novelist. Shashi Deshpande makes gender central to her writing. In her story MY love CHARIOTEER she tries to the show the descents of grand fret, grow and daughter at various stages of life. It is a story of a m new(prenominal) daughter relationship as easy as a womens role as a wife. Mother and daughter relationship is like sisters or sparring partners. They care for each other. My Beloved Charioteer depicts the life of mothers nature and behavior non as generosity but as a normal human being full of negatives as well as positives, full of emotions as well as frustrations and not a perfect being. My Beloved Charioteer by Shashi Deshpande is based on the three generations, three women i.e. grandmother, mother and daughter and three different mindsets living together. Grandmother being the oldest one and the one who takes care of each and everyone in the phratry.Mother named Arti the daughter of grandmother a depressed lady as for whom she cared and loved entertain died. She loved two persons that is her father and her husband has both died. She is now the most irritated person in the house and she spends her most of the time smoking and looking at the walls of her room. She doesnt talk to anyone neither to her daughter Priti and nor to her mother. She evens scolds priti for no reason .She is so much compound with the past that her present is neglected. The daughter named priti the youngest and the most energetic character. Her father and grandfather had both died. Her mother doesnt talk to her. Her caretaker and her best friend in the house is her grandmother (Ajji). When Priti is gone silence settles in the house. The relation between the Arti and Priti is not too good in the story.Arti is depressed, sad, unhappy, and is in pain. She doesnt do any work, which a mother should do for her daughter and for her aged mother. She doesnt talk to Priti play with her however she scolds Priti at times to show her anger, outrage and displeasure. Because of her nature grandmother Ajji have to take care of Priti, she acts like her mother. She wakes her, she dresses her for school, make breakfast for her. It is shocking to seethat at this age also Ajji does all the work and she even doesnt complain. The relationship of Arti and Priti is not good whereas the relationship between Ajji and Priti is good. Ajji once insist Arti to go out of house like park whereas in reply she says that seeing other people happy she wanted to kill and bury their happiness. This shows one of the natures of depressed lady.Ironically Ajjis husbands room offers her the opportunity to find her voice, guerilla against her daughter and break the silence that threatens to destroy her home and her granddaughter. The photo frame that was broken accidently by Arti gave a chance, which helped Ajji to talk to her and to explain her that what gone is gone. Ajji is also memory the pain of her husband but on the other hand she is managin g and not running from her problems and fears. Priti has a daughter and she need to take care of her. Ajji also says that she does not want to ever see the photograph again as it is no point of seeing things which gives pain and discomfort. Arti needs to be happy at which she got sort of than things, which she doesnt have. Hence through this story Shashi Deshpande elegantly brings out the mother/daughter relationship on different stages and aspects of life.

Imperialism in India Essay

PoliticsThe cause of imperialism are both substantiating and contradict. The positive effects are banning inhumane traditional practices such as sati and the dowry carcass, promoting widow remarriage and prohibiting electric s obligater marriage. The negative effects are that Britain caused the traditional industries to crash. Also, poverty increased. British officials were paid out of the India treasury.Imperialism drained Indias wealth. It finished India economic exclusivelyy and politic completelyy. India became dependent due to imperialism. It destroyed Indias handicraft and small scale industries. The imperialisticic agents interact India as a place to extend their power. Imperialism gradually destroyed India.While destroying India economically and politically, imperialism as well as had virtually reliable effects on India. With the spread of imperialism and compoundism , foreign powers took an interest in India and thus introduced refreshed subject matter of tran sport and communication. Modern technology and precept were overly introduced. negative effects Racism grew (British to the indains) economic hardship, british were upset by the indain desire for self rule and nationlism, injury of self sufficiency, reduced food doing which led to famines. corroborative effects railroads were built, communication grew due to the building of teleph stars, and the telegraph, desire for unity, modern economy, public health improved, english language more commonly used and erudite British Imperialism in IndiaAll the attractership had spent their early(a) years in England. They were influenced by British thought, British ideas, that is why our leaders were invariably telling the British How potentiometer you do these things? Theyre against your own basic values.. We had no hatred, in feature it was the other way round it was their values that made us revolt. -Aruna Asaf Ali, a leader of the Indian internal Congress. (Masani, quoted in Wood , 32, 1989)There is no doubt that British imperialism had a heavy(a) impact on India. India, having previously been an group of independent and semi-independent princedoms and territories, to a lower placewent great metamorphose under British administration. Originally intended to consolidate their go over on India by establishing a population that spoke the like language as their rulers, the British stopping full arcdegree in the 1830s to educate Indians in a westernmosterly fashion, with English as the language of instruction, was the beginning of a chain of events, including a rise in Indian patriotism, that led to Indian resentment of British imperialism and lastly to the loss of British control over India.One of the most important factors in the British loss of control over India was the establishment of English as a unifying language. Prior to British colonisation, India was split and multi-lingual, with 15 major languages and around 720 dialects. English served as a common ground for Indians, and allowed separate heathen and ethnic groups to identify with each other, well-nighthing which had rarely if ever occurred before on a grand scale.Although it was mainly educated Indians of a privileged caste who spoke English, these were the most influential wad in call of acting as facilitators for nationalist ideas to be communicated throughout the populace. The publication of magazines and journals in English was also a great influence on the rise of Indian patriotism. Although most Indians received nationalist ideas orally, these journals allowed Indians who were literate in English to come into contact with the ideas of social and political reformers.Political and social reform in India was achieved as a result of the European political principles brought to India by the British. Indians were Anglicised, and the British ideal for an Indian was to be Indians in blood and colour, unsloped English in tastes, opinions and intellect, as put b y 1 British legislator (Rich, 214, 1979). This Western education inevitably led to well-read Indians encountering European principles such as human rights, freedoms of speech, change of location and association, and liberalism.This was in direct contrast to the imperialism practised by the British in India and to the Indian experience one third of the subcontinent was ruled by Indian princes under British supervision, and the rest was directly controlled by the vicereine and administered by most one thousand members of the civil service, all of them English (Rich, 215, 1979). This knowledge of principles such as autonomy and freedom naturally led to more Indians desiring this for their own nation, understandable since it appeared that the worlds great and most powerful nations were self-governing democracies, and this system was taken for granted(predicate)ly roaring.Part of the newfound desire for freedom experienced by m either Indians was the desire for native organized religion and customs to be respected. It is widely accepted that the Indian revolution of 1857 was at least partly generated by Indian resentment of British interference in Hindu customs. Indian soldiers in the army were required to bite the ends off gun cartridges that contained pig fat and cow fat, which offended both Islamics and Hindus. When troops refused to use the cartridges, eighty sepoys were thrown into gaol for disobedience, an act which ultimately triggered the up go up. (Richards, 301, 1994).This showed a great lack of cultural and religious sensitivity on the part of British officers. Although the mutiny was put crop up quickly, it shook British confidence in their power, and resulted in tighter control of their hold on India. This in turn led to further resentment of British imperialism, and claims that military regulations were an attempt by the British to destroy the traditional caste system. (Richards, 301, 1994). In believing so vehemently that the British sys tem was superlative to the far humble Hindu traditions, the British officers were fundamentally contravening the ideals of freedom that were an important element of the Western European political principles that they so cherished to in bland in the Indian peoples.Following the Mutiny of 1857, Indian nationalism gained more(prenominal) more momentum than had previously existed in the maiden part of the century. This movement consisted mostly of British-educated intellectuals, and ironically was made possible by the British encouragement of higher education, originally intended to reach a middle management that could carry out simple administration jobs. Most of the Indian nationalists most nonably Ghandi were educated in Western Europe and were well-read in Western notions of freedoms, civil liberties and autonomy. The Indian study Congress was the largest and most obvious nationalist group, formed so that educated Indianscould express dissatisf implement with the British colonial administration and suggest reforms. (Cowie, 36, 1994)This Congress, however, had no power in legal injury of motion and it can be studyn as an attempt by the British to appease Indian nationalists who wanted progress. The work throughming uselessness of the Indian field Congress in terms of enforcing changes and reforms can be revealn as a great cause of Indian resentment of British nationalism. Even so, a nationalist organisation such as this would not produce been possible had it not been for the fact that the British acquainted a group of Indians with European political principles (Cowie 27, 1994).As well as the moderate nationalism that grew within the Indian National Congress, extreme nationalism was also seemly prevalent. Aside from more violent protesters such as Tilak, nonviolent opposition to British imperialism emerged in protesters such as Ghandi. In response to the Rowlatt Acts, which enabled a protester or suspected terrorist to be engrossed without tr ial, and the Amritsar massacre, in which 379 unarmed anti-British demonstrators were killed, Ghandi advocated a return to traditional Indian simplicity as opposed to Western materialism (Cowie 41, 1994). This dis kindred of materialism was owed in part to his experiences in England studying law, where he discovered his Indian heritage through the work of 19th century British scholars who had re-created ancient Indian narrative and revived interest in ancient Indian literature and language (Cowie 164, 1982).Ghandi also gained insight into his civilisation through discussion with English friends on religion, both Christianity and Hinduism, which he now began to discover on a philosophical level (Masselos, 121, 1972). Ghandis Western education allowed him to develop his radical technique of satyagraha or lawfulness force, whereby laws were opposed with the force of truth and moral consciousness alternatively of violence. This go on, though mostly a Hindu philosophy, in part derived its inspiration from Christianity, and the idea of turning the other cheek (Masselos, 122, 1972), and drew upon improver and radical strands in Western thought (Masselos, 122, 1972). Studying Western history and ideas would put one across made Ghandi see that m some(prenominal) Western approaches and ideas were extremely effective and British forces may have reacted more positively to a method of protest that came partly from their own culture.Exposure to Western culture also aided Ghandi in seeing that satyagraha would be a powerful means of protest in an economic context Ghandi claimed that the finish of satyagraha against the British administration could so paralyse the economy that the surface area would become ungovernable (Cowie, 43, 1994). Ghandi used an approach that he had developed partly from his exposure to Western education to cause trouble in a facet of society that he knew was essential to the British consolidation of power in India. At this time, and musical composition the world was in the throes of World War One, the British were committing more acts to instigate resentment amongst Indians. India had a large part in World War One, with more than a million pounds sterling voted from Indian revenues towards the greet of the war (Cowie, 39, 1994).With this in mind, the Montagu Declaration was issued in 1917, promising gradual and progressive self-government for India. There was, however, much suspicion that this declaration meant nothing and that Britain had no intention of relinquishing control beyond simple aspects such as health services, agriculture and public works (Cowie, 39, 1994). This of course caused much resentment autonomy was essentially being denied, and in a condescending manner laterward Indias sacrifice for the Empire in World War One.During the 1920s and 1930s the Indian nationalist movement continued with strength. Ghandis drift for independence went on, with his encouragement of pacifistic protest and criticis m of British administration and appraisees. In 1921, Ghandi called for all Indians to ostracize paying taxes on farming tools to the British, a strategy to have a negative effect on the economy. His non-cooperation campaign, despite its nonviolent aims, periodically became violent, and Ghandi was imprisoned in 1922 for instigating the movement.He was released two years later. The movement, however, was quite successful in terms of uniting the country in a movement under one leader (Masselos, 138, 1972), joined by their resentment of British rule. While earlier in the century, the English language and European political principles gave rise to the Indian nationalist movement, these were the tools used to strengthen the movement and to create unity among the Indian people.Many individual events associated with Ghandis satyahara approach, such as the Salt March in 1930 which demonstrated defiance of the British monopoly on salt manufacturing, and Ghandis Quit India campaign that last ed throughout the 1920s and 1930s, led to the ultimate independence of India in 1947. The one movement that underpinned singular acts of patriotism was the nationalist movement, led by Mahatma Ghandi. Ghandi was shrewd enough to utilise the nature of British rule in India to win independence without too much bloodshed (Masani, quoted in Wood, 32, 1989).This movement was made possible by the establishment of English as a unifying language and by acquainting Indians with European political principles, which led to Indian resentment of British nationalism and ultimately to the British loss of control over India. The effects of imperialism are both positive and negative. The positive effects are banning inhumane traditional practices such as sati and the dowry system, promoting widow remarriage and prohibiting child marriage. The negative effects are that Britain caused the traditional industries to crash. Also, poverty increased. British officials were paid out of the India treasury. THE GREAT continue OF IMPERIALISMFundamentally, the imperialism idea comes from the early modernization fantasy that began with the 16th century. Afterwards renaissance, catholic reformation and reconnaissance actions amount this concept in order. Then geographical explorations take place in history and in this smell out a lightening period exists by the help of these agendas. This lightening period consists of many resistent ideologies. We see these ideologies changing and shaping time to time and one of these specific action-oriented ideas is seen as imperialism with its impact on some African and Asian part, in particular, the response of conquered areas to the west in late 19th century and early twentieth century. In order to express what the imperialism is, it can be said that imperialism is an ideology to puff tidy society by being rooted in a particular economic system, capitalism, and benefits a particular class, which Marxists call the bourgeoisie or ruling class. ( exclusivelyterfield, 2002)In this sense, we see the colonization action of the west under the name of imperialism against the African and Asian part of the world in late 19th and early 20th century. In some countries we see the entire-colonization and in some of them on that point was semi-colonization according to some reasons that are tie in with their understanding of modernity and the way that they show their receptions. In general sense it can be implied that the reaction of sub-Saharan Africa against the impact of west imperialism was more strict than the one in Central Asia in terms of economic reasons, nationalism and religion.To begin with the economic perspective of imperialism, imperialist countries need of row material and food market and the change in the meaning of imperialism seem to be the crucial point. Up to 17th century, imperialism was not connect with capitalism because in these times land power was important. However in later period of time, curiously in the late19th century the spread of industrialization in the world had achieved the point where international competition for markets was becoming profoundly. After the third threshold of industrial revolution, the new imperialist political ideologies became the state politics of European countries. In this sense colonization action of west powers takes place.As a provision, we see the strict further at the same time invalid reaction of Africans. In Asian side, we dont see such kind of strict reaction as it is seen in Africa. This is because of their preparations against the equiprobable imperialistic action of west, that can be regarded as the extension of rapid modernization of west. Especially European countries could not entirely colonise southwestward Central Asian countries such as Iran and India. For example England could not hold with India because India was not so weak in terms of economy and because of its economical interdependence, Indias military modernization had been taken place in order to fight with any power. However the situation in Sub-Saharan Africa was not so pleasing. They were still living as tribal societies and they were prompt to be treated as slave.First of all, by the investigations of the European missionaries, west were aware of the row material sources that were not used, such as cool and diamond. By the power in their hand, west took the region under control and made the people work for their benefit.They also made African pay taxes. Actually that led revolt against foreign occupation. Africans time-tested to kill the tax collectors as time goes by. For example in 1902 a tax collection set in Bailundo, in the center of what is now Angola, went badly wrong when local people rebelled violently, attacking tax collectors and potrs (both European and African). This was the first time that Africans had rebelled against the Portuguese in Angola. (BBC WORLD SERVICE, no date) That shows how deeply they were affected from the p ower of west. Also we understand that the gloom of Africans did not result from leaving their sources to west power. The main point that made them revolt was being made pay taxes.Secondly in terms of nationalism, liberation struggles of colonized countries come next. Fundamentally, the idea of these struggles relies on the cut Revolution and the nationalism idea that comes next. In this sense there are structured similarities between Asian and African independence struggles. However the only point that they differ from each other is the process of their struggles. It is because the Asian nations were more ready in terms of military concept by the qualified commanders that came from west in the colonization process.Thus their armies were trained professionally by the Europeans and they were ready to fight with the west by the technology that came from west. Actually, it can be regarded as a contradiction in terms in terms of training the nation and then loss of the colonized land b ecause of the liberation action of that nation. In African side the situation was same only when their liberation process was too long. At that point the lack of modernization agendas can be shown as a reason.One other point closely liberation is the modern education concept in Africa and Asia that was supplied by Europeans. Thus we are set about with the same contradiction again. West was supplying the modern education as one of the prerequisite of imperialism and many scientists and thinkers were brought up. As time goes by these thinkers were affected by the ideologies such as nationalism. For example Indian national leader Gandhi was one of them and played a whopping role on gaining the independence of India after the second World War. (Cody, 1990) In this example we see the specific show of the contradiction that is mentioned above.Lastly to mention about the perspective of religion, the eurocenteric aim of spreading the Christianity all over the world under the idea of imp erialism should be discussed. At that point, we see the similarity between South Central Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa again as we saw in liberation concept. In 19th century most of the Asian and African nations were Muslim and this was a big obstacle for the west to achieve their aim. West tried to assimilate the Asia and Africa but they both showed their reaction also against the west. (Pappas, no date)If it is need to combine religion with nationalism there is something to think about. If the African and Asian nations had been Christian may be the nationalism idea would loose its validity and its impact on gaining the independence. Moreover, may be the colonized countries would be still colonized under the power of west. So it is obvious that the religion diversity made colonized nations fight for their independent conceit.To sum up the agendas of the impact of imperialist west, the insufficiency in the process of modernization and because of this, being under the control of west can be expressed as a summary. In the above examples we see that the impact of west and the probable reaction of South Central Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are ground on some economical, ideological concepts and religion in the light of many specific processes. Also it was obvious that there were both similarities and diversities between Africa and Asia in the period of west imperialism and economical perspective was the most distinct one in terms of diversities. On the other hand in nationalism, liberation struggle, the hope of independence and independent conceit were the common points although there was a little bit diversity in the sense of the process of these concepts. Positive Ending pitiable TraditionsDuring the process of colonialism, the controlling nation has the power to revise or abolish certain social traditions of the region. This provides a means to eliminate damaging social trends and older ideals. For instance, after India was colonized, the long-standing practic e of Sati was finally abolished. Sati was the practice where the first wife of a deceased husband would throw herself, or be thrown, onto the funeral fire with her husband as a show of mourning. It was not until the colonization of India that the rest of the world learned about the practice and locomote to outlaw it. Positive ModernizationColonialism brought modernization to regions that were technologically underdeveloped. Modernization projects included building railroads for open trade, needed medical advancements and schools providing a modern education. These advances helped underdeveloped nations improve their global status as centers for trade. The improvements to education provided an prospect for colonized students to compete with foreign students in fields including literature, art, math and science.Read more Positive & prejudicial Effects of Colonialism eHow.com http//www.ehow.com/info_8505011_positive-negative-effects-colonialism.htmlixzz2MmpHwOQ6 Negative Segregated BenefitsMany of the benefits of colonialism, such as education, were restricted to specific classes of individuals, usually based on skin color or ethnic origin. This segregation lead to a natural segregation throughout colonized countries and established the foundation for a racially segregated future. As an example, the extreme racial segregation in South Africa, known as the apartheid, is a partial result of African colonialism. The education segregation left an economic disparity in South Africa that resulted in continued segregation after the colonial period and a legacy of poor civil rights and human atrocity. Negative Resource failOne of the primary goals of colonialism was the establishment of a resource-generating system through which natural resources from colonized regions were gathered and traded by the colonizing nation. This process reduced the availability of natural resources in the colonized nations, leading to times of hunger, poverty and need. roughly colonie s were heavily farmed, with food stores shipped to feed populations elsewhere while locals survived on less. Further, this created a system where a colonized country could be farmed for its natural wealth, but receive no monetary benefits.Read more Positive & Negative Effects of Colonialism eHow.com http//www.ehow.com/info_8505011_positive-negative-effects-colonialism.htmlixzz2MmpLOLoP Imperialism in India Bad or Good?Imperialism has been both positive and negative in the eyes of the Indians.It has helped them, but has also left them with no responsibility in their government. The British called the empire the British Raj. The European colonizers provided many things and helped solve old problems. They brought parts of civilization that most Indians were not able to create by themselves. They built roads and other means of transportation as well as telegraphs. They have helped India become more modernized and built a government that is strong and efficient. To sum up the whole, the British rule has been- morally, a great blessing politically, peace and order.. (Dadabhai Naoroji). Imperialism has brought new standards of humanity, like when they stopped childicide and the slave trade in India. It has also brought industrialization and improved sanitation. Imperialism has also affected the colonizers in a positive way.They impersonate cheap raw materials and make a profit off of what they provide for the Indians. All of this they got from a system of mercantilism. There were, however, a hardly a(prenominal) negative effects of Imperialism. All they do is live off of Indian while they are here. When they go, they carry all they have gained. (Naoroji). Naoroji also adds that the natives call the system the knife of sugar. other problem that arose was how the Europeans occupy all of the higher places in the government. For a hundred years you have make everything for us. You have given us no responsibility in our own government. (Mohandas Gandhi).Many of the old Indian industries were broken up, causing unemployment and poverty. Some also feel that they are treated as being inferior to the colonizers In 1990, Stephen Covey published The 7 economic consumptions of Highly stiff People. A business-oriented self-help book, the volume was a commodious bestseller and is still in print today. During the same ecstasy-and-a-half, the American economy grew hugely. A coincidence? Perhaps not. allows face it our crusade to extend the benefits of Americanism to the rest of the world, in particular the Middle East, has not been Effective. Now intelligibly its time to work Coveys magic on Uncle Sams dim imperial effort. Heres what think-tank tigers need to know, the 7 Habits of Highly Effective Imperialists 1. Be serious about your imperialism the Great Game is not for dilettantes.Thrilling to accounts of the Battle of Plassey, savoring the Sykes-Picot agreement, taking in seminars at AEIthats not broad(a) enough. Heres how the Los Angeles Ti mes recently described Doug Feith, undersecretary of defense and leading neo-imperialist, in his habitation sitting in his library surrounded by stacks of Commentary magazines and books on the British empire and the Middle East. In other words, an armchair warriorliterally. Is it any wonder Feith has been unable? By contrast, the Highly Effective Imperialist gets off his fanny and goes native. We ability consider, for example, Richard Francis Burtonnow he was Effective. In the days before jets or mints on your hotel room pillow, Burton made his way across five continents. He helped discover the source of the Nile he was one of the first Westerners to visit Mecca, disguised as an Afghan Muslim.Yet in addition to all his journeys, in addition to writing a half-dozen books and innumerable monographs on people and places, he also learned the local languages he translated works from Arabic and Hindi, notably the Kama Sutra and The Arabian Nights. Not surprisingly, Burton saw little of England during his openhanded lifehe died in Trieste in 1890which is to say, Burton lived out the self-sacrificing injunction of Rudyard Kipling Take up the albumin Mans burden/Send forth the best ye breed/Go bind your sons to transfer/ To serve your captives need. If Americans are serious about imperialism, they ordain make a massive commitment to inform little Justin and Jennifer the tongues of their new realms Arabic, Pashtu, Dari, Farsi, Urdu, etc. And then, even more important, they go out steel their children for lifetimes of overoceans service.Of course, Effective Imperialists must(prenominal) combine ethnic and linguistic ground truth with high Machiavellianism. To keep control of India, for example, the British well-mannered the Sikhs as a ruling elite. Why? Because the Sikhs were a tiny minority. Once they were installed in the upper reaches of the Raj, the Sikhs were impatient for the Brits to stay, so as to preserve their top-dog status. That approach proved Ef fective for a century. By contrast, today, is there any American clever enough to see the wisdom of dividing Iraq into three parts, so as to make all three mini-statesSunni, Shia, Kurddependent on the U.S. for border protection? Evidently not. And in any case, were still fighting two out of three of these groups 18 months after liberating them.Feith & Co. navigated by moral clarity, not by historical or political landmarks. According to an August report in Rolling Stone, one U.S. legions colonel, a veteran of Middle East work, fluent in Arabic, was interviewed by Feith for a possible job. During the session, Feith looked down at his rsum, I see you speak Arabic, Feith said. When the colonel nodded, Feith snapped, too bad and dismissed him. To make matters worse, the Feithians appointed their unskilled friends and relativesMichael Fleischer (brother of Ari) and Simone Ledeen (daughter of Michael)to prominent positions in the Coalition Provisional Authority. After a few months of si ghtseeing and war profiteering, such folks have mostly come homenot Effective.2. Get the locals to like you.This is hard, I know. Its counterintuitive to expect that the people youre killing will give you their police van and minds. In the words of Voltaire, It would be easier to subjugate the entire universe through force of arms than the minds of a single village. It took the British two difficult decades to subdue the Sudanese Muslims in the late 19th century, but by the mid-20th century, Sudan had gained its independenceand also great hostility to the West. Other British colonial non-success stories include Zimbabwe, which is one of the few countries where London is hated more than Washington. We might also recall that the British liberated Iraq twice in the last century, in 1917 and in 1941. And what do they have to show for the gravestones they left behind in Mesopotamia?Today, its the Americans turn to score low as colonizers. One poll taken this spring showed that 92 perce nt of Irakis saw Americans as occupiers just two percent saw them as liberators. As George W. scrub himself conceded on April 13, I wouldnt be happy if I were occupied either. During the Athens Olympics, the Bush-Cheney campaign desire to make re-election hay out of the Iraq soccer teams success yet an Iraqi pseud cut the Rovers off at midfield, telling the Americans We want to live. Stop killing civilians. Help rebuild Iraq instead of destroying it. We might call this Mission Not Accomplished. So what to do?Once again, the Effective Imperialist looks to whats worked in the past. England and Scotland had fought each other for eonsBraveheart and all thatbut they merged in 1603 when James VI of Scotland inherited the English crown and became James I of England. Four centuries later, the relationship still works. So today, if some rising young buck in the Bush dynasty went to Iraq, married a girl named Sistani, embraced Shia Islam, and brought the new Mrs. Bush home to social and political prominence, that would be the beginning of a beautiful transnational friendship. A future American president with a Sharia-worthy beard might not please American neocons, but he would be Effective at earning Iraqi allegiance.3. Be ruthless.If Habit 2 doesnt work, then try Habit 3. We might consider, for example, the Effectiveness Lesson in the Book of Samuel. God said to Saul Now go and spank Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and spare them not but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass. But while Saul mostly followed the entitles commandment, he spared a few folks and critters. God was outraged at this insufficient ruthlessness. As future-king Samuel explained to soon-to-be-ex-king Saul, Thou hast rejected the word of the Lord, and the Lord hath rejected thee from being king over Israel.So Samuel had to mop up, completing the earth-scorching. Now thats Effectiveness. Similarly, when the Romans wanted to be rid of troubles ome Carthage once and for all, they flattened the city and plowed the leveled ground with salt. Carthago was truly delenda, and it hasnt been heard from since. More recently, when white Americans and Australians wanted to Manifest their Destiny over their respective continents, they mostly massacred the autochthonic peoples, occasionally deigning to miscegenate with them.The Chinese are using equally Effective tactics in Tibet today. In geopolitics, possession-by-domination is nine-tenths of the law demography is political destiny. In the meantime, after 213 years of attempted subjugation, the Russians are still Ineffective in Chechnya. Vladimir Putin might be asking himself, WWSD What Would Stalin Do? And the answer to that question might well be total wipeout, by any WMD necessary. Note to other countries dealing with uppity populations its genocide, but its been proven Effective.4. Got allies? Youll need some.The Venetian Republic lasted for a thousand years because the doges we re dicey enough to use mercenaries and surrogates in their endless wars with their fellow Italians, then Byzantines, then Ottoman Turks. For their part, the British didnt succeed in taking down Louis XIV, Napoleon, the Kaiser, and Hitler all by themselves. For centuries, London built balance-of-power coalitions that enabled Albion to preserve its sea power, while not getting bogged down in losing ground wars. Similarly, when the U.S. has had alliesfrom World War I to Gulf War I to Kosovo to Afghanistanthe fighting has generally been Effective. But Americas more biased wars, such as Vietnam and Gulf War II, have been Ineffective.Having allies helps in other ways, tooespecially if you have an ogre for an ally. The American occupation of Germany and Japan was eased by the menacing specter of the Soviets, just across the Elbe and the East Sea. The message was clear if the surrendered Germans and Japanese ever became too troublesome, the Americans would exit and the Red army would ent er. No wonder we were so Effective. In the case of occupied Iraq today, suppose Turkey or Iran had invaded the country at the same time as American forces. By now the American sector might well seem like paradise compared to the Turkish or Iranian sector. Plus those occupiers would be no-nonsense in their pacificationsee Habit 3, above.5. Be realistic.Politics is the art of the possible, said Bismarck. In the same vein, the Effective Imperialist doesnt over-promise. In 2003, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace did a study of the 16 major nation-building efforts conducted by the U.S. and found that just fourGermany, Japan, Grenada in 1983, Panama in 1989had been Effective. The other 12, stretched from Haiti to Nicaragua to South Vietnam, were Ineffective. The basic lesson is that culture matters most. The Germans, for example, proved capable of utter barbarism under Nazi rule, but after having lost eight million in the warsee Habit 3 againthey were ready, post-1945, to cha nge their ways and resume being a normal European country again.So Germany proved peaceful and prosperous, just like its neighbors the death of Hitler helped restore the nation to the generally upward trend line of its neighborhood. It was good news that the Germans blended back into their environment, but it was also not surprisingEurope is a civilization. Arab Islam is a civilization, too. And its not surprising that Iraq seems to be reverting to its neighborhood trend line, which, of course, is not auspicious for American dreams of a democratic transformation of Iraq. To put it another way, Islam is a tough nut to crack. Nowhere in the world, except maybe Attica prison, does a white minority rule successfully over a Muslim majority, which leads us to the Sixth Habit of Effective Imperialists.6. Leave quicklyand set up a shaft government.In July 1958, President Dwight Eisenhower arranged 14,000 U.S. Marines to go ashore in Lebanon to prop up the U.S.-backed government. Three mon ths later, having stark(a) that mission, they all pulled out exactly one American was killed by hostile fire. By contrast, when President Ronald Reagan ordered the Marines back into Lebanon in August 1982, he kept them there for 18 monthsand 254 Leathernecks lost their lives amidst development resistance. Today, we have been in Afghanistan for almost three years, and in Iraq for 18 months. Its safe to say that we arent growing more popular in either place. Instead, the Effective Imperialist uses surrogates for long-term country-control. The Shah, for example, gave us 26 good years of sway in Iran, although admittedly the 25 years since his repay in 1979 have been disappointing.But the search for new toolshuman toolscontinues. And so on to Baghdad. In October 2002, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz inform that Rep. Tom Lantos, ranking Democrat on the House International Affairs Committee, had soothed a visiting Israeli politician with these assurances about the future of Iraq My dear Collette, dont worry. You wont have any problem with Saddam. Well be rid of the bastard soon enough. And in his place well install a pro-Western dictator, who will be good for you and good for us. Enter Ahmad Chalabi. Exit Ahmad Chalabi. And while Chalabi did not meet expectations, Iyad Allawi is showing hes toughtough on press freedom at least. And while it might not be prudent to write a life-insurance policy for the new Iraqi strongman, its possible that he will survive and thrive.But whether or not Allawi makes it, Americans on the home front should develop a taste for hummus and biryani. Just as curry and couscous are national dishes of Britain and France today, thanks to the recasting of their populations as a byproduct of conquest, Americans, too, should prepare for demographic and culinary transition. Today, the difference between the colonizer and the colonized isnt just firepowerits birthrates.One way or another, lots of Iraqis are going to end up in the U.S. Allawi himsel f may live and die in his homeland, but lots of his friends and relatives will find new homesnext door to the late Shahs kin and cronies, maybe in Beverly Hills. Of course, not every Iraqi coming to the American mother country will be carrying a suitcase stuffed with cash. Some will be carrying other things in their bags, which brings us to the seventh and last point in our Effectiveness tutorial.7. bridge yourself for tragedy.Its coming. At the height of Roman Imperial Effectiveness, the poet Juvenal wrote plangently, The country weeps for its victories. A study by the Cato bestow counted 98 wars and military campaigns waged by the British from 1800 to 1906. Kipling, the bard of imperialism, poeticized the fate of many of his countrymen When youre wounded and left on Afghanistans plains/And the women come out to cut up what remains/Jest roll to your run low and blow out your brains/An go to your Gawd like a soldier. Sometimes, the tragedy comes later to the Imperial Country. Aft er the fall of the Bastille in 1789, the young minds of Europe were aflame with thoughts of revolutionary restructuring. Nowhere was enthusiasm for the Aufklrung greater than among German intellectuals.As the historian Isaiah Berlin observed, Almost without exception, they began by welcoming the French Revolution rapturously, planting trees of liberty and denouncing as obsolete and brutally oppressive the rule of the three hundred German princes. But then the dialectic wheel turned, as the French overplayed their hand. Horrified by the Terror and wounded by the national degradation of Germany by the armies of Revolutionary France and, still more, those of Napoleon, those same Germans, Berlin continued, turned into patriots, reactionaries and romantic irrationalists. One such was Beethoven. Living at the time in Vienna, the young composer intended to dedicate his Third Symphony to Napoleon, but after the French leader crowned himself emperor in 1804, he tore up the Eroica dedication .Less than a decade later, Beethoven composed a celebratory piece entitled Wellingtons Victory. And so the warm Francophiles of not-yet-Germany were transformed into even more fervent Francophobes. Most likely, Napoleon went to his grave in 1821 without thinking much about the deep geysers of sentiment he had helped uncork. But the unifying Germans thought deeply about their confusion and insult for half a century they brooded and plotted. And then in 1870, 1914, and 1940, they crossed the Rhine, each time wreaking alarming vengeance and violence. In contemporary Iraq, our brave troops might be holding up well, but they arent just filling up future pages of glorious American military history.They are also unintentionally collaborating in the composition of future sagas of Sunni and Shia martyrdom. Today, the fighting in Iraq is asymmetrical our F-16s, their AK-47s. But tomorrow, the asymmetrical action could shift to America their WMD, our cities. Thats called blowback, and its a darn nuisance. To date, Americans have been Effective at outlay money in Iraq, and little else. But its not too late to learn the septenary Habits of Imperial Effectiveness. If Americans are prepared to liveindeed, to dieby those Habits, we can look forward, at least, to pacifying Fallujah.